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What Was the Hurricane That Hit Nc Went Out to Sea and Hit Again

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Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1954

This article is most the Atlantic hurricane of 1954. For other storms with the same proper name, come across Tropical Storm Hazel. For the Canadian politician nicknamed "Hurricane Hazel", see Hazel McCallion.

Hurricane Hazel (1954)
Category iv major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hazel.gif

Surface weather map of Hazel near landfall in Northward Carolina on Oct 15
Formed October 5, 1954 (October 5, 1954)
Prodigal October 18, 1954 (October 18, 1954)
(Extratropical subsequently eighteen:00 UTC on Oct 15)
Highest winds ane-minute sustained: 130 mph (215 km/h)
Lowest pressure level 938 mbar (hPa); 27.vii inHg
Fatalities 591–1,191 full
Impairment $382 million (1954 USD)
Areas affected Trinidad and Tobago, Lesser Antilles, Northern Due south America, Puerto Rico, Leeward Antilles, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Cuba, Lucayan Archipelago, E Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada, Europe
Function of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Hazel was the deadliest, second costliest, and about intense hurricane of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane flavour. The storm killed at least 469 people in Republic of haiti before hit the U.s. about the edge between North and South Carolina equally a Category 4 hurricane. Afterwards causing 95 fatalities in the U.s., Hazel struck Canada as an extratropical storm, raising the death cost by 81 people, more often than not in Toronto. As a effect of the loftier death price and the damage caused by Hazel, its proper name was retired from use for North Atlantic hurricanes.

In Haiti, Hazel destroyed 40 pct of the coffee trees and l per centum of the cacao crop, affecting the economy for several years. The hurricane made landfall most Calabash, North Carolina, destroying most waterfront dwellings. It then traveled n along the Atlantic coast. Hazel afflicted Virginia, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York; it brought gusts nigh 160 km/h (100 mph) and acquired $281 million (1954 USD) in impairment. When it was over Pennsylvania, Hazel consolidated with a cold front and turned northwest towards Canada. When information technology hit Ontario equally an extratropical tempest, rivers and streams in and around Toronto overflowed their banks, which caused severe flooding. As a result, many residential areas in the local floodplains, such as the Raymore Drive area, were later converted to parkland. In Canada alone, over C$135 million (2020: C$1.three billion) of damage was incurred.

The furnishings of Hazel were particularly unprecedented in Toronto due to a combination of heavy rainfall during the preceding weeks, a lack of experience in dealing with tropical storms, and the storm's unexpected retention of power despite traveling 1,100 km (680 mi) over land. The storm stalled over the Toronto area, and although it was at present extratropical, it remained as powerful as a category 1 hurricane. To assistance with the cleanup, 800 members of the military were summoned, and a Hurricane Relief Fund was established that distributed $5.1 million (2021: $51.5 million) in assist.

Meteorological history [edit]

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson calibration

Map central

Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)

Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)

Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)

Category two (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)

Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)

Category four (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)

Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)

Unknown

On October 5, a tropical wave with tropical-storm force winds was approaching the Lesser Antilles. Due to the potential for tropical tempest formation, a Hurricane Hunters aeroplane flew from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to investigate the system.[1] When the plane reached the organisation, they observed a tropical whirlwind about 30 mi (fifty km) eastward of the island of Grenada with winds estimated at 100 mph (160 km/h). The United states Conditions Agency promptly classified the system as Hurricane Hazel.[2] The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis afterward assessed that Hazel adult at 06:00 UTC on October 5 about 220 mi (350 km) e of Grenada. Although the Hurricane Hunters observed hurricane-forcefulness winds, the storm had a small eye 5 mi (8 km) in diameter and a central barometric force per unit area of 1,002 mbar (29.6 inHg). The 100 mph (160 km/h) winds were therefore revised downwards to 65 mph (100 km/h) belatedly on Oct five, though it was estimated that the tempest attained hurricane status at 00:00 UTC on October 6. At the same time, Hazel fabricated landfall on Grenada with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[3]

Afterward entering the Caribbean Bounding main, Hazel connected to present a small middle and air current diameter. The winds gradually increased as the tempest moved westward, parallel to the northern Venezuela coast. On October viii, the tiny eye increased to a diameter of 29 mi (46 km), while the winds reached 85 mph (135 km/h),[three] although winds were estimated every bit high equally 125 mph (201 km/h). That mean solar day, the Hurricane Hunters encountered astringent turbulence, which hospitalized one coiffure member and injured some other.[4] For the next 5 days, in that location were no further flights into the cadre of the hurricane; However, the planes continued to monitor the storm, with radar imagery indicating that the eye became open and ragged. Late on October ix, it is estimated Hazel intensified into a major hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Originally, information technology was estimated that Hazel attained these winds the solar day prior. The intensification was confirmed on October 10, when aircraft noted a well-divers eye on radar imagery.[3]

On October ten, Hazel slowed in the central Caribbean area and turned sharply to the north-northeast toward Hispaniola,[3] steered by an upper-level low.[5] At 09:00 UTC on October 12, the hurricane made landfall near Chardonnières along the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. There were no strong current of air readings at landfall, only based on previous radar and aircraft observations the sustained winds were officially estimated at 120 mph (195 km/h). Later moving through the Gulf of Gonâve, Hazel struck northwestern Haiti near Baie-de-Henne at 00:00 UTC on October xiii, as a Category 2 hurricane with winds estimated at 100 mph (160 km/h).[three] Around that time, the hurricane curved more to the n and northwest due to an budgeted trough,[6] and the Hurricane Hunters resumed inbound the center of Hazel, reporting an middle and hurricane force winds. At 14:00 UTC on October xiii, Hazel struck Inagua in the Bahamas with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h).[three]

A generally flat area is completely submerged by water; trees are scattered throughout.

Subsequently affecting the Bahamas, Hazel accelerated northwest toward the southeastern United States,[iii] steered between a trough and a ridge.[6] Hurricanes are generally expected to lose power afterwards going n of Florida due to lower water temperatures. However, Hazel restrengthened as information technology tracked due north over the Gulf Stream.[vii] The Hurricane Hunters were unable to discover the cadre of the tempest until information technology neared state, reporting an eye 18 mi (33 km) in diameter on Oct fifteen. Later that day, a transport just off South Carolina reported a central pressure of 938 mbar (27.vii inHg), which was the lowest in association with the hurricane. At 15:30 UTC on October xv, Hazel made landfall simply west of the North Carolina/South Carolina border with a 40 mi (64 km) middle, slightly northeast of Myrtle Beach in the latter state. Based on the pressure, a larger than boilerplate size, and the fast forrad movement, the landfall intensity was estimated at 130 mph (215 km/h), or a Category iv on the Saffir-Simpson scale.[3]

The centre of Hazel was tracked across several towns in N Carolina equally the arrangement continued due north. At 18:00 UTC on Oct fifteen, the hurricane became extratropical near Raleigh, and within 6 hours had passed near Washington, D.C. Its extratropical remnants accelerated to the due north through Pennsylvania and New York forth an extended cold front. Despite widespread observations across the eastern The states, there continues to be incertitude in the track of Hazel as an extratropical storm. The Canadian conditions service maintains that the original circulation prodigal over western Pennsylvania and a new i formed over western New York.[six] In dissimilarity, the U.South. Hurricane Research Division afterward assessed the circulation every bit becoming elongated but continuous. On Oct 16, the storm crossed into Ontario and over the Toronto region.[3] Soon thereafter, the former Hurricane Hazel dropped to gale-forcefulness winds subsequently moving almost 1,000 km (620 mi) over land.[3] [6] The storm slowed and turned northward, passing over James Bay early October 17. After turning to the northeast, into what is today known as the Kativik region of farthermost northern Quebec, the remnants of Hazel were absorbed by a larger extratropical storm over Canada on October 18.[6]

Preparations [edit]

On October half dozen, minor arts and crafts warnings were issued for the Dutch islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, despite predictions that Hazel would laissez passer to the n;[8] these warnings were canceled a day later.[9] Afterward the storm had turned northward, tropical cyclone warnings were posted for Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and the waters of the Mona Passage.[ten] Pocket-sized craft about Jamaica were advised to head for port alee of the storm.[11] The U.Southward. Navy completed extensive preparations at its Guantanamo Bay base, ordering about i,000 civilians into hardened, fortified Quonset huts, flying aircraft out of the tempest's path, and positioning surface ships out at sea.[12]

And so, on Oct xiv, the United states Weather Bureau issued a alarm for the Carolinas, with the caveat that the worst of the hurricane was expected to stay offshore. Instead, the tempest took a abrupt northwest turn and headed toward land.[13] By evening of the same day, the storm was forecast to make landfall well-nigh the Carolinas border.[13] Farther forecasts expected Hazel to lose its power and dissipate over the Allegheny Mountains.[half dozen]

In her volume Hurricane Hazel, Canadian journalist Betty Kennedy argued that in Canada, the impressions that Hazel was "the all-time-kept secret in town" and that it was a "fully documented meteorological event that should have taken nobody by surprise" both "paradoxically [...] incorporate a great deal of truth".[xiv] Meteorologists predicted that if Hazel merged with the cold front, the storm would not lose intensity, but would instead potentially strengthen. Two Special Weather Bulletins were issued past the Dominion Weather Office, but since it was expected that the storm would laissez passer e of Toronto, few other warnings were given and there were no evacuations, which increased the eventual property impairment and loss of life.[6] The forecast chosen for high winds between 65 km/h (40 mph) and 80 km/h (fifty mph), with but occasional showers. On lakes Erie and Ontario, ships received warnings of strong winds, and the predicted wind speeds ranged from 65 km/h (forty mph) to 120 km/h (75 mph).[half dozen] Toronto Hydro had called in standby crews as heavy winds were forecast, although they were almost sent dwelling house at i indicate due to a lull in the storm.[15]

There had been significant rainfall in the Toronto surface area in the two weeks prior to Hazel, and so the footing was already saturated. Few people in Canada had any experience with hurricanes, since it was unheard of for them to travel as far due north and inland as Toronto.[sixteen] Kennedy also notes that if "Toronto had been well-nigh to confront a blizzard, or was threatened past a xiv-inch [36-cm] snowfall, that [sic] would have been something understandable. [...] This was dissimilar. This was the unknown, the unfamiliar, the totally unexpected crisis. Hurricanes belonged in the tropics."[17]

Bear on [edit]

Deaths and damage by region
Region Deaths Damage Sources
ABC islands 0 $350,000
Grenada 0 $80,000 [18]
Haiti 400–1,000 $500,000 [19]
Puerto Rico nine N/A
Cuba i N/A
Commonwealth of the bahamas vi North/A
United States 95 $281 million [twenty]
Canada 81 $100 million [21]
Total 591–1,191 $382 million

Caribbean [edit]

On October viii, 2 crew members on reconnaissance aircraft were injured due to turbulence while observing Hazel; 1 was severely enough injured to require hospitalisation.[22] The ABC Islands of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, located north of Venezuela, received rough winds and rains of upward to ix.viii inches (250 mm) when the intensifying whirlwind passed to the due north. Flash flooding in Aruba and Curaçao destroyed a bridge and several water dams and resulted in losses of $350,000 (1954 USD).[23] Puerto Rico suffered its worst flooding since 1899 every bit a outcome of the hurricane. Due to timely warnings, only nine people were killed (eight by drowning and one by a landslide), but infrastructure, buildings, and agricultural areas suffered serious impairment, and over 11,000 people were evacuated from flooded areas.[24]

In Haiti, Hazel brought flash floods which destroyed numerous villages, and high winds which caused considerable impairment to major cities. The death toll was estimated to be as high as 1,000 people; most of the casualties drowned when the h2o flowed in a flood down the mountains, some of which were as high as 2,400 m (8,000 ft). The situation was exacerbated by deforestation, which lessened the power of the soil to hold water. Republic of haiti's South Peninsula took the brunt of the storm: the largest town, Aux Cayes, reported at least 200 casualties, while the second-largest town of Jérémie was reported to have been washed in the sea, with at least 200 more casualties.[25] Damage in Aux Cayes was estimated to be $500,000 (1954 USD).[26] Estimates of people left homeless in the wake of Hazel are as high equally 100,000.[19] Hazel destroyed about twoscore percentage of the coffee trees and 50 per centum of the cacao crop, affecting the land's economic system for several years.[27] [28] Objects from Haiti, such as bowls, were reported to have been transported by the hurricane to the Carolinian coast.[29]

West of Haiti, the hurricane brought hurricane-strength winds to Cuba.[three] A fisherman on the eastern tip of Cuba was killed past crude seas while trying to secure his boats.[12] Since the hurricane passed largely e of the Bahama islands, only pocket-size damage was reported at that place. Hazel passed directly over Inagua, where it claimed half dozen lives when a sailboat capsized while taking shelter from the storm.[22]

United States [edit]

In Due south Carolina, the storm produced 10–11 ft (3.0–3.iv one thousand) tides along the coast.[30] Hundreds of buildings were destroyed, including about 80 per centum of waterfront dwellings in Myrtle Beach. As a result of the high storm surge, the low-lying sandy barrier islands were completely flooded.[31] 2 piers in Myrtle Beach were damaged. In N Myrtle Beach, a three-story hotel and an 800 ft (240 m) pier were washed out to sea. At Cerise Grove Beach, 75 residences were demolished, while at Pawleys Island, 40 homes were destroyed, while numerous others were damaged. One death occurred in Due south Carolina. Damage in the state totaled about $27 meg.[30]

At landfall, the hurricane brought a storm surge of over five.5 yard (18 ft) to a large surface area of coastline, producing severe littoral damage; the damage was greater since the hurricane coincided with the highest lunar tide of the year.[32] Brunswick County, North Carolina, suffered the heaviest damage, where well-nigh coastal dwellings were either destroyed or severely damaged. For case, in Long Beach, North Carolina, only five of the 357 buildings were left standing.[29] The official written report from the Weather Bureau in Raleigh, North Carolina stated that as a result of Hazel, "all traces of culture on the firsthand waterfront between the state line and Cape Fear were practically annihilated."[33] According to NOAA, "every pier in a distance of 170 miles [270 kilometres] of coastline was demolished".[22]

At the Raleigh-Durham Aerodrome in North Carolina, gusts of 90 mph (140 km/h) were recorded; in surrounding cities, including Kinston, Goldsboro, and Faison, wind gusts were estimated to accept reached 120 mph (190 km/h).[34] With such high winds state-wide, heavy harm was caused to forests, and to property every bit a result of falling trees. However, since the Carolinas, like the rest of the Southeastern U.s., were suffering from a severe drought, the heavy rainfall brought by Hazel was welcome. In North Carolina, the about rain was received in the interior of the land: Robbins received 286 mm (11.3 in) of rain, and Carthage received 247 mm (ix.seven in).[33]

Nineteen people were killed in North Carolina, with several hundred more injured; 15,000 homes were destroyed and some other 39,000 were damaged.[32] The number of people left homeless by the storm was "uncounted thousands".[35] Amercement in the Carolinas amounted to $163 million, with $61 1000000 incurred by beachfront property.[iv] [36] Full damage in the United States ranged from $281 million to $308 meg.[twenty] [36]

While Hazel acquired the well-nigh damage in the Carolinas, the tempest did not lose all of its intensity. Going north, Hazel turned extratropical by midday when information technology merged with a cold front; however, information technology retained hurricane-strength winds and it continued to drop heavy rainfall.[22] [37]

In Virginia, current of air gusts of over 100 mph (160 km/h) were observed at the Weather Agency office in Norfolk. Roofs were blown off, trees and ability lines were toppled, windows were shattered, and awnings were torn. The naval station suffered mainly minor damage to its temporary installations.[38] The tugboat Indian, conveying five barges, sank in the James River; iv of the 8 crew members drowned.[39] Ane building was demolished and several others were damaged in Portsmouth.[38] The ferry Princess Anne was beached into the docks at Kiptopeke.[39] An unfinished vessel at the Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News bankrupt from its moorings and was swept into the shore of the James River. The roof of the community firm was discrete and landed on the street.[38] In Richmond, 200 store fronts were damaged, while part of the steeple at Trinity Methodist Church building was toppled. Additionally, a 150 ft (46 m) microwave tower in Warsaw was knocked over.[39] Approximately 50 percent of residents in Virginia lost phone and electrical service for half-dozen days. The tempest damaged approximately 18,000 homes and businesses. Overall, there were 12 deaths and about $15 million in damage.[39]

After N Carolina, the storm went through Virginia, Due west Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Bailiwick of jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. In general, power was knocked out and trees were downed. Wind gusts throughout the area reached 160 km/h (99 mph).[22] [37] Furnishings of the tempest was able to break the incomplete battleship USS Kentucky from its moorings when she was based in Philadelphia Naval Shipyard every bit a parts transport, resulting in her running aground.

Though not near the heart, a gust of 182 km/h (113 mph) was recorded in Battery Park, the highest wind speed ever recorded within the municipal boundaries of New York Urban center.

Rain amounts were heavier on the western side of the tempest. In W Virginia, the average amount of rain received was 230 mm (9 in) with localized amounts of 300 mm (12 in) reported in the Appalachians. To the north in Pittsburgh, merely 90 mm (3.5 in) of pelting was reported.[xl]

To the east, the Washington, D.C. expanse was particularly affected, and considerable flooding was reported in the Virginias and Maryland. Much of the grounds of the Naval Academy in Annapolis were flooded, putting midshipmen to piece of work the side by side twenty-four hour period to clean up the debris. New Bailiwick of jersey escaped major flooding as the high tide was low enough, but to the south in Chesapeake Bay, the majority of crab pots were destroyed.[41] Hazel lost a considerable amount of moisture when crossing the Allegheny Mountains, which raised rivers and streams in the Pittsburgh area significantly above the alluvion mark. In Pennsylvania, the winds were still high enough to unroof several homes.[37]

In upstate New York, the storm blocked highways and railroads.[37]

Canada [edit]

Deadliest Canada hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Fatalities
1 "Newfoundland (i)" 1775 4,000–4,163†
2 "Nova Scotia (one)" 1873 600†
3 "Nova Scotia (3)" 1927 173–192†
4 "Labrador" 1882 140
5 Hazel 1954 81
half dozen "Newfoundland (2)" 1883 80
7 "Nova Scotia (2)" 1926 55–58†
eight "Galveston" 1900 52–232†
9 "Newfoundland (iii)" 1935 l†
ten "Saxby Gale" 1869 37+
† – estimated total
References: Deadliest Atlantic Hurricanes 1492–1994.[42]

A destroyed bridge with a part with one end attached to the shore and the other end in the water; the other part is missing.

The Lawrence Avenue bridge was washed out by the Humber River; office of information technology remained attached to the shore, while the rest was swept away.

Later weeks of unusually high rainfall saturated the Greater Toronto Expanse, Hazel dropped additional rainfall, peaking at eight.4 in (214 mm) in Snelgrove, Ontario. In 3 hours, the metropolis received 3.5 in (90 mm) of precipitation. Most of these rains ran off into rivers and creeks of Toronto, which raised water levels by as much equally 20–26 ft (6–8 m).[six] [16] Not built to withstand heavy flooding, Toronto's infrastructure took a heavy hitting: over 50 bridges, many parts of of import highways, likewise as numerous roads and railways were destroyed when the high water done them out or carried debris and smashed them.[43] [44]

Floodwaters slowly rose in Holland Marsh – a bowl-shaped valley nigh Bradford – assuasive people to escape to the town.[45] Highway 400, which passes through the marsh, was under as much as 10 ft (three 1000) of h2o in some places when as much six m (20 ft) of water backed up. Much of the crops in the surface area were either swept away or ruined.[46] Subsequently the h2o pumps failed due to droppings, ameliorate equipment immune the Kingdom of the netherlands Marsh to be drained by November 13.[47] The Humber River in the due west terminate of Toronto caused the near destruction as a result of an intense flash overflowing afterwards nigh modest rivers and creeks drained into it.[48] A squad of 5 volunteer firefighters were killed when their burn down truck was swept away as they were responding to help a stranded motorist.[49] Communities in the Humber floodplain were devastated. In Woodbridge, the river swelled from its usual width of 20 m (66 ft) at its narrowest indicate to 107 thou (351 ft), and left hundreds homeless and nine expressionless.[50] The Humber swept away 366 m (1,201 ft) of Raymore Bulldoze and xiv nearby homes, killing 35 people out of the 81 Canadian fatalities. The ascension of the river was unprecedented and the residents did non evacuate, which led to the high death toll.[48] The Etobicoke Creek also overflowed its banks at the village of Long Branch, killing seven people later many dwellings were swept into Lake Ontario.[51]

The decease toll of 81 people has non since been equaled past a natural disaster in Canada. In add-on to the casualties, over iv,000 families were left homeless.[52] The Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada estimates the total cost of Hurricane Hazel for Canada, taking into account long-term effects such as economic disruption, the cost of lost property, and recovery costs, to exist C$1.03 billion.[53]

Aftermath [edit]

Haiti [edit]

In the aftermath of Hazel, a 3-day period of national mourning was alleged in Haiti for hurricane victims. With existing infrastructure already poor, the recovery was very dull since many of the few existing roads were blocked, and communications equipment was either out, damaged, or destroyed. The Haitian Ruby-red Cross appealed for assistance to the International Red Cross, while the American Red Cantankerous made a donation of $25,000 (1954 USD). Pan American World Airways offered the apply of its planes to assist with the delivery of help,[54] and the Us shipping carrier USS Saipan deployed xviii helicopters to assistance deliver supplies.[55] Despite the relief effort, there was an outbreak of typhoid fever post-obit Hazel due to a lack of make clean h2o.[56]

United States [edit]

In the Carolinas, the National Guard was mobilised past the evening of October 15 to foreclose looting along affected areas of the coastline. On Oct 17, President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared a "major disaster" in the Carolinas, and offered "immediate and unlimited federal assistance."[57] Recovery was quick, and past October 24, all only two units were demobilised. Some other concern was the rebuilding of the sand dunes forth waterfronts. An artificial sand dune barrier, 39 km (24 mi) long, was completed by October 30, which in the long run led to a more rapid natural build-upward of larger dunes. With Myrtle Beach a popular tourist destination, the Chamber of Commerce began an information entrada to inform the public, which might take erroneously concluded from the massive media coverage that the metropolis had been destroyed, that the city would be fix for the coming summer. The rebuilding after the partial destruction would transform Myrtle Embankment from a "quaint summertime colony to a loftier-rising resort city".[58]

Canada [edit]

Water flows over a low dam over a river; one tree-lined bank of the river is visible.

A weir was built on the Humber River near Raymore Bulldoze to lessen the risk of a like catastrophic flood.

The army sent about 800 soldiers to Toronto to assist with the cleanup, providing blankets and mattresses. Toronto residents helped out with the relief endeavour: the Salvation Army received then many donations of apparel, footwear, blankets, food, and money that its storage facilities were overfilled, forcing it to propose confronting further donations until they were needed.[59] A Hurricane Relief Fund was established to coordinate financial donations, ultimately raising nigh $5.three million (CAD). The fund received donations from organisations, companies, and individuals including Pope Pius XII, the Ford Motor Company of Canada, the United Church of Canada, Laura Secord Candy Shops, and the British-American Oil Company. A portion of the fund was fix bated equally a contingency reserve in the event of unresolved claims and also toward administrative expenses.[59]

The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority was created after the tempest to manage the area's floodplains and rivers, such as edifice dams.[threescore] The heavily flooded areas were expropriated and barred from rebuilding homes, and most of the land was afterwards converted into an all-encompassing park system along Toronto'south rivers. A footbridge dedicated to the victims crosses the Humber river in Raymore Park, which was the sometime Raymore Drive.[61]

Retirement [edit]

Every bit a upshot of the catastrophic damage and astringent death tolls in the Caribbean, United States and Canada, the name Hazel was retired, and will never again exist used for an Atlantic hurricane. However, since it was retired earlier the inception of naming lists with the modern six-year cycle, it has not been directly replaced with any detail name.[62]

Run across as well [edit]

  • List of North Carolina hurricanes (1950–1979)
  • List of Canadian hurricanes
  • List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
  • Hurricane Sandy – A similar storm in 2012 with an unusual and complicated track due to baroclinic interactions.
  • Hurricane Matthew – A tempest which took a similar track in the Caribbean area in 2016.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Plane to check easterly wave". The Kingston Daily Freeman. Kingston, New York. Associated Press. October v, 1954. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  2. ^ "New hurricane poses threat to Puerto Rico". Pottstown Mercury. Pottstown, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. Oct 5, 1954. Archived from the original on Oct 5, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d east f chiliad h i j k Chris Landsea; et al. (May 2015). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (1954) (Report). Hurricane Enquiry Division. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  4. ^ a b Walter R. Davis (1955). "Hurricanes of 1954" (PDF). Weather Bureau Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  5. ^ "Hurricane Hazel, October 1954". Raleigh, Due north Carolina National Weather Service. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Peter Bowyer (2004). "Storm information". Canadian Hurricane Eye. Archived from the original on July xv, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  7. ^ Willie Drye (Oct 14, 2004). "Worst Hurricane in N Carolina: 50 Years Later". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  8. ^ Milt Sosin (October vi, 1954). "Hurricane Hazel Gaining Strength in Caribbean". The Miami News. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. icon of an open green padlock
  9. ^ Milt Sosin (October vii, 1954). "Hurricane Hazel's Path Undetermined". The Miami News. p. 1. Archived from the original on Oct 6, 2018. Retrieved Oct 5, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. icon of an open green padlock
  10. ^ "Warnings Hoisted Over Republic of haiti For Hurricane Hazel". Corsicana Daily Dominicus. Associated Press. October 11, 1954. p. one. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. icon of an open green padlock
  11. ^ United Press International (October ten, 1954). "Hurricane Hazel New Threat in Caribbean area". Medford Postal service Tribute. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. icon of an open green padlock
  12. ^ a b "Hurricane Hazel Sweeps Upwards Coast; Cuba Is Alerted". Pittston Gazette. October 12, 1954. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. icon of an open green padlock
  13. ^ a b Stokes, p. 169
  14. ^ Kennedy, p. 36
  15. ^ Peter Bowyer (2004). "Timeline of tempest events". Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
  16. ^ a b Filey, p. 192
  17. ^ Kennedy, p. 44
  18. ^ Report on Grenada at Google Books
  19. ^ a b Bob Burtt (October 26, 2004). "Hazel'south Lessons Learned". The Record. p. B.ane. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
  20. ^ a b Hebert, Paul J; Taylor, Glenn; National Hurricane Center (January 1983). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Well-nigh Intense United states of america Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC-18). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. v. Archived (PDF) from the original on Dec 3, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
  21. ^ National Atmospheric condition Service Forecast Part in Raleigh Due north Carolina. "Event summary, Hurricane Hazel, October 1954". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assistants. Archived from the original on Dec 4, 2012. Retrieved Apr 26, 2014.
  22. ^ a b c d due east Walter R. Davis (Dec 1954). "Hurricane of 1954". NOAA. Archived from the original on September four, 2013. Retrieved Apr iii, 2010.
  23. ^ "Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in kingdom of the netherlands Antilles and Aruba" (PDF). Meteorological Service Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. 2010. pp. eighteen, 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
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Sources [edit]

  • Cullingworth, J.B. (1987). Urban and regional planning in Canada. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN0-88738-135-9.
  • Filey, Mike (2003). Toronto Sketches vii. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN1-55002-526-0.
  • Gifford, Jim (2004). Hurricane Hazel: Canada'southward Storm of the Century . Toronto: Dundurn Printing. ISBN1-55002-448-five.
  • Hairr, John (2008). The Great Hurricanes of North Carolina. Stroud, United kingdom: The History Press. ISBN978-1-59629-391-5.
  • Kennedy, Betty (1979). Hurricane Hazel. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN0-7705-1821-4.
  • Rotberg, Robert I. & Clague, Christopher Thou. (1971). Haiti: the politics of squalor. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-395-12105-1.
  • Stokes, Barbara (2007). Myrtle Beach: a history, 1900–1980. Columbia, Due south Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN978-1-57003-697-2.

External links [edit]

  • CBC Digital Archives — The Wrath of Hurricane Hazel
  • Clara Thomas Athenaeum and Special Collections, York Academy – Archival photographs of Hurricane Hazel from the Toronto Telegram fonds.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel

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